Worked examples and practical guides
Short, referenced guides for pharmaceutical and biomedical research, formulation and patents, written by our team.
How to calculate the f2 similarity factor: a worked example
The f2 similarity factor compares two dissolution profiles on a scale where 100 means identical. An f2 between 50 and 100 means the profiles are…
Research & publicationResearch synopsis: structure and common mistakes
A research synopsis is a short plan of your study, usually 5 to 15 pages, submitted for topic approval. It must show a clear research gap, specific…
Research & publicationHow to spot a predatory journal before you submit
Predatory journals charge publication fees without providing real peer review or genuine indexing. Before you submit, verify every indexing claim…
Patents & IPPatent filing costs in India for students, startups and MSMEs
Filing a patent in India has two costs: official fees paid to the Patent Office and professional fees for searching and drafting. Individuals,…
Patents & IPPublish first or file first? Patents for researchers
File first. A patent is granted only for an invention that is new on the filing date, and your own paper, poster, thesis or conference talk can…
Evidence & statisticsPROSPERO registration for systematic reviews, step by step
PROSPERO is a free international register for systematic reviews with a health-related outcome. Register after your protocol is final and before data…
Evidence & statisticsChoosing the right statistical test for pharmacology and lab data
The right test depends on four things: the type of outcome (continuous, categorical or time to event), how many groups you compare, whether…
Research & publicationHow to respond to reviewer comments on your manuscript
Answer every comment, point by point, in a response document that quotes the comment, gives your reply, and shows exactly what changed and where. Be…
Formulation & labICH stability testing conditions explained
Stability studies store the product under defined temperature and humidity conditions to set its shelf life. Under ICH Q1A(R2), the general case uses…
Formulation & labSetting up a formulation R&D lab: equipment checklist
A formulation R&D lab needs equipment in six groups: dispensing, processing for your dosage forms, physical testing, analytical instruments,…
Tools & tutorialsFMEA risk assessment for a tablet process: a worked example
FMEA scores each possible failure for severity (S), occurrence (O) and detection (D), usually on a 1 to 10 scale, and multiplies them to give a risk…